95
Microsoft Windows 95.
98
Microsoft Windows 98. Includes both the original and second editions unless otherwise noted.
98SE
Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition.
2000
Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional.
%systemroot%
The Windows\System folder in 9x, and the Winnt\System32 folder or Windows\System32 folder in 2000 and XP. The actual folder used can vary. The percent marks indicate that the term is a variable.
AGP
The most common internal standard (as of this writing) for computer video. Uses SVGA connectors for monitors.
algorithm
A mathematical formula designed to solve a problem by accounting for expected occurrences.
applet
A small program within Windows that is used to configure certain aspects of hardware and software. The items in Control Panel are called applets—literally, "small applications."
application
A computer program.
AT
A discontinued form factor of case, motherboard, and power supply.
ATX
ATX and its variations are the most commonly used form factors of case, motherboard, and power supply as of this writing. Variations include MicroATX and others.
ATAPI
ATA Packet Interface. The standard for IDE optical drives.
base video
The minimum video Windows displays, usually 640x480 resolution with 16 colors. A PC can provide base video without any of the video drivers being loaded into memory, such as early in the boot process.
beta
Early version of a program that is not ready to be sold. Users often can obtain a free beta version of a program to test its performance and report bugs to the developer.
BIOS
Basic Input Output System. A program that works as soon as the computer is powered on to test hardware, locate the operating system (OS) startup files on the hard drive in order to start the OS, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is usually stored on a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) flash memory chip.
bitmap
A format of an image file that stores a map of each pixel along with the color information for each. Because of all this stored information, the files are rather large. In Windows, bitmap files have the extension .bmp. There are color, and black and white bitmaps.
blue screen of death
The nickname of a Windows 2000 or XP stop error. When Windows detects a serious problem with the system, it shuts down the computer and dumps the contents of the memory to a file. It also displays a blue screen with the error data.
broadband
High-speed Internet connection such as DSL or cable Internet, or faster business connections.
buffer underrun error
An error that happens when burning an optical disc that causes the media to become useful as a beverage coaster. This error was prevalent with old CD burners.
bug
A design flaw in a program.
burn-in test
A series of individual tests used to make sure a new computer is running properly. A computer that passes the burn-in test is ready to sell to the customer.
cache (pronounced "cash"):
1. High-speed memory that is used on various types of hardware components. It is designed to enhance the performance of these devices by storing data in such a way as to make sure that it is transmitted smoothly to and/or from the device. Generally, the more cache a device has, the better it performs. Disk drives and CPUs are examples of devices with caches. Synonym: buffer. 2. An area in memory or on a disk drive that holds frequently accessed data.
case
The cabinet that holds all parts of the computer. Most cases come with power supplies.
Cat5/Cat5e
A standard for Ethernet network cables. Cables that don't meet the standard might not work well in networks, but should be adequate for voice telephone connections.
CEE power cord
A three-conductor power cord used to connect computers, monitors, and many other devices to AC power. These are probably the most standard part of a computer, as almost every non-laptop computer power supply, CRT monitor, and many other devices use these.
check box
A small square box within a dialog box that enables an event when there is a checkmark inside. Add a checkmark by selecting the check box. Remove the checkmark by clearing it. You can normally have any combination of selected and cleared check boxes in a dialog box.
chipset
The set of integrated circuits used on a particular device.
coaster
A failed optical disc burn resulting in a useless disc.
COM port
See serial port.
composite video
An analog video signal that is carried through one cable. The same signal that is used by all standard VCRs and by many computer video capture and video output devices.
color depth
Number of different shades of color that can be reproduced by a monitor or imaging device. In computers discussed in this book, color depth ranges from 16 to 4,294,967,295 colors.
command-line interface
See text-based interface.
compressed file
A file that has been altered so that it takes up no unnecessary space. For example, a bitmap image file is one in which every picture element in the entire picture contains color or grayscale information. Because there are hundreds of thousands or millions of picture elements in various types of bitmap files, the files take up a lot of disk space. However, if you have a bitmap file containing an image that is mostly solid yellow with only a small drawing in one corner, the compression technique might use an algorithm that sets a range of all the picture elements that should be yellow and assigns yellow to all of them, rather than assigning yellow to each individual element. Such techniques make for a much smaller file. Some compressed files are self-extracting; that is, they open themselves when double-clicked. Others need some type of "unzip" program to open them. Still others are compressed and decompressed by Windows.
configure
Make changes to device, software, or firmware settings.
cookie
1. A small file placed on a computer when the user visits and/or enters data into a Web page. The cookie is used to customize the Web page for the next time the user visits the page, sometimes by identifying the user, sometimes by remembering the information the user entered into a Web form. 2. The magnetic disk inside a floppy disk case.
CPU
Central processing unit. The chip that performs all the calculations necessary for the computer to do its job. Intel's Pentium and Celeron, and AMD's Athlon and Duron are names of popular lines of CPUs. Synonym: processor.
CPU family
Set of processors of a similar design made by one company. Pentium 4 and Athlon are examples of CPU families.
CRT monitor
A monitor with a television-type glass picture tube.
current folder
When using a command interpreter such as the MS-DOS prompt or the Windows 2000/XP command prompt, the current folder is the one that most commands will affect unless another folder is specified in the command's syntax.
cursor
The small image on the screen of a document that indicates the location where keyboard or other input will go. To illustrate the difference between a cursor and a pointer, note that the cursor in a document doesn't move along with the pointer until the pointing device is clicked, and that moving the cursor with any of the keyboard keys doesn't move the pointer. See also pointer.
Desktop
The Windows screen that opens when the computer is booted. Contains the Start menu, the Task Bar, the System Tray, and all the icons.
desktop computer
Originally meant to mean a computer in a horizontal case, it has come to mean any personal computer that is not portable.
developer
Company or individual who makes software.
dialog box
A rectangular window containing configuration controls.
DMA
Direct Memory Access. A system used by certain hardware devices such as hard drives, floppy drives, and sound cards to interact directly with system memory rather than burden the processor. Enable or disable DMA in a device's system property page.
DIN AT
The wide 5-pin plug/socket used to connect a keyboard to an AT motherboard.
DIP switch
A tiny switch used for configuring some hardware devices, especially older devices.
directory
See folder.
display
See monitor.
dongle
A small cable with a telephone or Ethernet jack on one end, the other end of which plugs into a PC Card network adapter or modem. Dongles are usually fragile, especially at the plug that plugs into the PC Card. Many newer PC Cards have built-in jacks, making dongles unnecessary. See PC Card.
drive cage
An assembly in a computer that holds disk drives.
driver, device
A piece of software that allows the OS and programs to communicate with a hardware device. Hardware devices can't work without some type of driver, even if Windows' Device Manager indicates that no driver is necessary.
driver, generic
A device driver that is designed to work with most or all devices in a general category of hardware devices, such as a video adapter or modem. Generic drivers usually don't allow all of a device's features to work. An example of a generic driver is the video driver that provides minimum video resolution and color depth when a computer first starts to boot.
dual-boot
A computer with two separate OSs that are selectable at the time of boot.
DVI
Digital Video Interface. The standard interface for digital video on PCs. Digital monitors and video adapters have DVI connectors.
DVO
The digital video header connector on a motherboard for connection of a digital video adapter.
El Torito specification
A standard for CD-ROM drives that allows the computer to boot from a CD-ROM.
environment variable
In Windows and DOS, the setting of the path that enables the system to locate certain Windows program files and commands when entered into the command prompt or Run dialog. Although the term environment variable technically means anything that can be changed in a computer, the aforementioned definition represents the most important and common use of the term. See path.
Ethernet
The most common network system, usually making use of unshielded twisted-pair cables with RJ-45 connectors.
expansion slots
Slot connectors on the motherboard for attaching various components. Motherboards typically have several expansion slots.
extension, filename
Character(s) after the final period in a filename. The extension tells the OS what type of file it is, and Windows associates certain programs with each known file extension so that the file can be opened with minimum delay. For example, in the file chapter1.txt, "txt" is the extension, and it indicates a text file that would normally be opened by a text editor such as Notepad. Most file extensions are hidden by default in Windows; change this setting by going to Control Panel > Folder Options > View tab and clearing the "Hide file extensions for known file types" check box.
file system
System of storing data on a disk. File systems discussed in this book are FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, and various optical drive file systems. Not all versions of Windows can access all file systems.
firewall
A hardware- or software-based mechanism for blocking unwanted access to a computer over a network or the Internet.
FireWire
A high-throughput hardware interface standard that allows many devices to be connected to a single port with only the FireWire controller using any Device Manager resources. Synonym: IEEE 1394.
firmware
Flash memory that is used to manage the basic operation of hardware devices. The most well-known example of firmware is a computer's BIOS. Other devices, such as optical drives, have firmware. Firmware can be updated via a process called flashing.
flash memory
Expensive memory that holds its data indefinitely after the power has been disconnected, but the data can be changed in a process called flashing. Flash memory chips are used for devices such as digital cameras, data storage devices on computers, and BIOSs.
flat panel monitor
A physically thin monitor, such as a laptop monitor, that uses light-emitting semiconductors rather than a glass picture tube. Contrast with CRT monitor.
flat screen monitor
A CRT monitor in which the viewable portion of the glass picture tube is flat, not curved. Not to be confused with a flat panel monitor.
floppy disk drives
Devices that store data on removable magnetic disks. Virtually all floppy drives sold since the mid-1990s have been of the 3.5-inch variety. These floppy disks are enclosed in a thin, hard, plastic shell. Because of this, they are sometimes confused with hard drives. Because of their limited capacity, their susceptibility to data loss, and other reasons, floppy disks have become much less useful in recent years. However, floppy disks can be indispensable for certain repairs. Synonyms: floppies, diskette drives, FDDs.
folder
A virtual container used by Windows to organize files. Formerly called directories.
form factor
A standard of shapes, sizes, and mounting designs of hardware devices such as cases, power supplies, motherboards, hard drives, and others.
Front Side Bus (FSB)
The channel that connects the processor with main memory. The faster the FSB, the better the performance. As of this writing, this number will range between 33 and 800 MHz.
graphics adapter
See video card.
graphics card
See video card.
GUI (pronounced "gooey")
Graphical User Interface. The Windows interface that makes use of graphical elements for controls, using such objects as buttons to click and the procedure of clicking and dragging. Contrast to text-based interface.
hang
When a program or OS process gets stuck at a certain point and doesn't continue.
hard drive
A device that stores data on permanently enclosed magnetic disks. The vast majority of computers have at least one hard drive. Data stored on a hard drive remains after the power is disconnected. The OS (such as Windows), along with programs and data, are almost always stored on a hard drive. Synonyms: hard disk drive, HDD.
heat sink
A small metal radiator used to allow heat to dissipate from heat- producing electrical devices, especially processors. Fans are often mounted on heat sinks to facilitate dissipation of heat.
hex number
See hexadecimal number.
hexadecimal number
A base-16 number. With decimal numbers, after 9 comes 0, and the 1 is carried over into the next column. Hex numbers include the following digits: 0123456789ABCDEF. After F comes 0, and the 1 is carried over into the next column. For example, F hex equals 15 in decimal, and 10 hex equals 16 in decimal. The purpose of hex numbers is to shorten what would otherwise be very long decimal numbers when referring to random access memory addresses and input/output addresses on a computer.
hibernate
Saving the desktop as it is with all open programs and applets the way they are to the hard drive, and then shutting off the power. When power is resumed, the desktop should appear exactly as it was when it was hibernated. Synonym: suspend.
hot-pluggable
Capable of being connected or disconnected from the computer or peripheral without risk of damage. Synonym: Hot-swappable.
HTML
HyperText Markup Language. The language in which most Web pages are written. E-mail messages using anything more than plain text use HTML.
IEEE 1284
A standard for parallel cables. IEEE 1284-certified cables are more likely than noncertified cables to work reliably.
IEEE 1394
See FireWire.
initialize
To start a hardware device.
I/O address
A location of a hardware device communication channel in a motherboard. Expressed in a hex number. I/O address ranges must be different for each hardware device installed in a computer.
IRQL or IRQ
Interrupt ReQuest Line. A channel from a hardware device to the processor used to get the processor to respond to the device's request for attention. There are a limited number of IRQs on a computer, and two devices cannot use the same IRQ at the same time.
ISA
Industry Standard Architecture. An expansion slot interface no longer included in new computers.
jumper
A small connector used to connect two pins together on a circuit board for the purpose of configuration.
key
1. A notch or other physical feature that prevents a devices from being inserted into a slot the wrong way 2. The top level portions of the Windows registry.
knowledge base
A collection of all technical information about a manufacturer's or developer's products. Almost always searchable on the Web.
laptop
A small portable computer. Although laptops are generally considered larger than notebooks, the two terms are often used interchangeably, including in this book.
legacy
Of or pertaining to any hardware using standards older than the computer on which they are to run. Also refers to versions of software that has been replaced by a newer version and data files created on such software.
load
Automatically copy files from disk into memory. When Windows or a program starts, it's actually loading into memory.
lockup
Situation in which the computer stops responding. The screen image and pointer freeze, keyboard lights get stuck, and hard drive activity stops.
malware
Programs that can cause various problems on a computer or can steal your personal data.
map a network drive
Assigning a drive letter to a folder or drive partition on a remote computer on the network.
MBR
Master boot record. The MBR is the first sector on a hard drive. A small program on the MBR contains information about the partitions, indicating which one is bootable, in case there are more than one.
Me
Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition. Microsoft uses the lower-case "e," so we do too.
media
Disks, flash memory, or other materials used for data storage.
memory
Chip assemblies that store data for very quick recall. The main memory in a computer requires constant power to be able to hold data. Every task performed by a computer requires the program and data to be loaded into memory. Synonym: random access memory (RAM).
MicroATX
A small, commonly used (as of this writing) form factor of case, motherboard, and power supply. Based on ATX.
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A system of connecting electronic musical instruments to computers.
modem
A device that allows the computer to access a telephone line for the purpose of faxing, Internet access, data transfer between computers, or other tele-communications-related uses. Internal modems plug into expansion slots, while an external modem connects to a port on the computer.
monitor
A device resembling a television that displays the computer's video images. Synonyms: screen, display.
motherboard
The large printed-circuit board to which all other parts are connected. Synonyms: system board, main board, desktop board.
multimedia
The combination of sound and various forms of graphics including video and animation. Although the prefix "multi" indicates more than one, many people incorrectly use the term to refer to sound only.
multiple-boot
A computer with three or more OSs that can be selected when booting.
multitester
A device used to test various properties of electrical currents and circuits such as voltage, continuity, and resistance. Most commonly used in computer repair for testing power supplies.
network
A collection of two or more computers and other devices that can communicate with each other so that the users and computers can share information and hardware devices such as printers.
network card
A device that connects the computer to the network. Network cards come in the form of a separate card or are built in to the motherboard. Synonyms: network adapter, network interface card, NIC.
newsgroup
A group of subscribers who can post and reply to messages over the Internet using a newsreader program such as Outlook Express. Microsoft and other companies make use of newsgroups for professional and peer technical support. See Usenet.
NIC
network interface card. See network adapter.
notebook
A small portable computer. Although notebooks are supposed to be smaller than laptops, the two terms are often used interchangeably, including in this book.
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer. Refers to any product that is designed for manufacturers and retail computer builders to supply with their equipment. For example, Microsoft requires end users of OEM versions of Windows to get technical support from the manufacturer or computer builder rather than from Microsoft.
optical drives
Includes CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, and various writable DVD drives. Optical drives are devices that read, or read and write data from or onto discs using laser beams.
option button
One of at least two small round circles within a dialog box that can be selected (a dot placed inside) or cleared (the dot removed). With option buttons, normally only one in a group can be selected at a time. Originally referred to as "radio buttons," which came from old car radios with mechanical station preset buttons, in which only one button could be pushed in at a time.
page file
The file used by Windows for virtual memory. Synonym: swap file.
paging
When Windows moves data between memory and the page file for the use of virtual memory.
parallel
An interface used for external devices such as printers and scanners. Parallel devices communicate with the system by sending as many as eight electrical pulses simultaneously.
patch
Software designed to fix problems in other software.
path
1. The hierarchy of drives, folders, and subfolders that indicates the location of a file, folder, printer, or other element. For example, the path to this appendix could be C:\Documents and Settings\Rojo\My Documents\PCRepair\AppendixA.doc. In a network, the path can include the computer, usually in the form of the computer name preceded by two backslashes. Using the previous example on the computer named CRM, the network path could be \\CRM\C:\Documents and Settings\Rojo\My Documents\PCRepair\AppendixA.doc. 2. The indication of the location of commands in a command prompt or Run dialog. Usually called the path. When you change an environment variable related to the path to commands or Windows program files, you change the path to those commands or files.
PC Card
A credit card-sized hardware device that plugs into a slot in a laptop or the occasional desktop with a PC Card slot. The most common PC Card devices are modems and network adapters. The term PC Card replaced the term PCMCIA because nobody wanted to pronounce a six-syllable term.
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect. The most commonly used expansion card slot. New versions of PCI have been introduced that will be incompatible with current versions.
PCMCIA
See PC Card.
PDF
Portable Document Format. A type of text and image file that can be made only by programs developed by Adobe Software, Inc. The file extension is .pdf.
pins
Conductive metal pieces that are part of electrical connectors.
pixel
The smallest picture element in a video display or an image file.
pointer
The image on a computer screen that indicates the location of the pointing device control.
pointing device
A device that is used to move the on-screen pointer and choose or select screen elements. A mouse is the most common pointing device.
port
Connector on the outside of a computer to which peripheral devices can be connected. Examples are parallel, serial, PS/2, VGA, USB, and FireWire. Not to be confused with the networking term.
POST card
A card that can be plugged into an expansion slot and contains a small display to a show a problem code. A POST card is ideal for diagnosing computers that won't boot. It can be a great timesaver.
power supply
A box-shaped device that converts wall-outlet AC power to low-voltage DC used to power the devices in the computer.
processor
See CPU.
properties, property page
A dialog box that presents information about a device, folder, or file, usually allowing one or more configuration options.
protocol, network
A piece of software containing rules for a particular networking purpose. Every network connection requires all parties to be using the same protocol in order to communicate.
PS/2
Interface for keyboards and pointing devices on most ATX-based motherboards.
RAM
See memory.
read
Detect data from storage media. Technically, transfer data from a file into memory.
readme file
File that comes with software or hardware that contains useful information to the user.
rewritable
An optical disc that can be written to, erased, and written to again. Includes CD-RWs and recordable DVDs.
RJ11
A modular one-line telephone connector with two wires: red and green. An RJ11 connector has the same plastic shell as an RJ14 connector.
RJ14
A modular two-line telephone connector with four wires: red and green for line 1, and black and yellow for line 2. An RJ14 connector has the same plastic shell as an RJ11 connector.
RJ45
A modular telephone or network connector with eight wires. In order to be used with Ethernet networks, RJ45 connectors must adhere to the Cat5 or Cat5e standard.
root folder
The highest-level folder in a disk partition. If you open My Computer, and then any drive, you are looking at the root folder. For example, C:\ is the root directory of the C drive. Any files or folders you see with C:\ open are said to be in the root folder. Often called root directory.
SCSI
Small Computer System Interface. An interface known primarily for hard drives and optical drives (but is actually used with many other devices) that is used mostly for servers and other mission-critical systems.
serial port
A port through which electrical pulses are sent one at a time. Used for external modems and other devices. Original IBM PCs had four serial ports, with each assigned a logical address called a COM port.
server
A computer that provides services to other computers on a network, called clients or workstations. Servers tend to be high-powered machines.
service
A small program or part of a program whose purpose is supporting larger programs or OS components. In 2000 and XP, access Services in Administrative Tools from Control Panel, Start menu, or Manage.
setup
The installation of software, including Windows. Synonym: installation (only of software).
setup program
The BIOS configuration program.
shell
The system that gives the user control of the OS. In the case of Windows, the shell is the GUI.
slot
A horizontal multi-pin electrical connector that accepts a card-type connector. Expansion cards such as PCI, AGP, and ISA are slots. In addition, some processors, including many Pentium IIIs, plug into slots.
S.M.A.R.T. drive
Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology drive. Technology incorporated into most modern IDE hard drives that can alert the user of possible impending hard drive failure and most likely allow for data backup before this happens. S.M.A.R.T. drive support should always be enabled in the setup program.
socket
A flat electrical connector with holes. A device such as a socket processor has pins that plug into the holes.
sound card
A device whose primary function is to allow a computer to play and record sound. A sound card can either be a separate card that plugs into an expansion slot, or a component built into the motherboard. Sometimes called a multimedia device.
standby
Saving the desktop as it is with all open programs and applets the way they are to memory, and then operating on low power. In most cases, you can resume from standby by moving or clicking the pointing device, or by pressing any keyboard key.
stop error
See blue screen of death.
surge suppressor
A device designed to absorb increases in voltage that can damage computers, peripherals, or other devices. Most very inexpensive models provide little or no protection.
suspend
See hibernate.
SVGA
Super Video Graphics Array. The standard for analog video on personal computers. Based on its predecessor, VGA, which uses the same connectors.
swap file
See page file.
syntax
The proper way to type commands with their parameters and switches.
tab
A graphical depiction of the tab on a paper file folder. Click a tab to select a different page in a dialog box or property sheet. Sometimes used to represent the entire page that a tab is on.
TCP/IP
The network protocol used on the Internet and in many other networks.
text-based interface
Interface that involves typing commands rather than using graphical elements. Contrast with GUI. Synonym: command-line interface.
throughput
Measurement of the speed of data transfer.
toggle
Turn a software or hardware element on or off. For example, pressing the <Caps Lock> key on the keyboard toggles uppercase letters on or off.
touchpad
A flat pointing device that works by sliding a fingertip across its surface. Software can provide additional features such as tapping to click. Synonym: trackpad.
trackpad
See touchpad.
trackball
A pointing device that has a partially enclosed ball that the user rolls to move the pointer.
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply. A UPS provides continuous power to a computer when there is a power failure. A UPS can protect the computer from the potentially harmful effects of power failures. It is indispensable when making changes to a computer's BIOS, because a power failure during a BIOS update will render a computer useless unless a replacement BIOS chip is obtained and installed, which isn't always possible. UPSs almost always include surge suppression. Synonym: battery backup.
USB
Universal Serial Bus. A hardware device interface that allows for up to 127 devices to be connected to a single USB port, given that the appropriate expansion hardware is used. Only the USB controller uses IRQs or other Device Manager resources; the connected devices don't.
Usenet
A system of communication on the Internet in which subscribers to newsgroups can post and reply to messages that all subscribers can see.
VGA
Video Graphics Array. See SVGA.
video card
A device whose primary function is to generate a video signal ("picture") to be shown on the monitor. A video card can either be a separate card that plugs into a slot on the motherboard, or a device built into the motherboard. Synonyms: video adapter, graphics adapter, display adapter.
virtual memory
System used by Windows that uses hard disk space to as additional memory in a process called paging. The file where Windows stores virtual memory data is called the page file or the swap file.
voltmeter
A device that tests only the voltage of a circuit.
write
Record data to a storage medium.
writable
Refers to a disc that can have data recorded on it.
XP
Microsoft Windows XP Home and Professional editions.
XP Home
Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition.
XP Pro
Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition.
ZIF
Zero Insertion Force CPU socket. Allows a CPU to be inserted into a socket without applying much pressure. Uses a locking lever to hold the processor in place.
BIOS Overview
When a computer is first started, it needs some direction as to what to do. It needs to know where to find the OS's startup files, how hardware is to be accessed by the OS, what hardware is installed on the system, among other things. It is the job of the BIOS to perform these tasks. BIOSs are made by a number of different companies, often customized by the motherboard manufacturers or system builders for a particular motherboard or computer. Some common BIOS brand names are Phoenix™, AMIBIOS®, Award™, IBM®, and MR BIOS®. They are in the form of CMOS chips that store the information.
Power On Self Test (POST)
On the CD The first event that happens when a computer is powered on is the POST, performed by the BIOS. The POST consists of a quick series of diagnostic tests, mostly to make certain that essential hardware is present and operating. The most essential hardware is the BIOS itself, processor, memory, video system, and a source of OS startup files (almost always a hard drive). The POST first checks the BIOS, and then the other items. If any of these are not operating correctly, the computer might not start or run correctly. As long as the BIOS program is not set to "Quiet Boot," the POST will give a single beep to let you know that all the tests were successful. If the POST detects problems, it will give a beep code and/or a text message to let you know what is wrong. You can find a list of common beep codes on the accompanying CD-ROM.
Setup Program
The program run by the BIOS is usually called the setup program. Different motherboard manufacturers vary as to how to access the setup program. The most common method is to press a given key just after the first information appears on the screen after the computer is powered on. Often, the screen will give a prompt such as "Press Delete to access Setup." <Delete> is the most common key. Others include <F2> on Dells and Hewlett-Packards, <F10> on Compaqs, and <F1> on some Gateways. Setup screens vary widely, so we will cover the most common and important BIOS settings.
Note Before you go into a setup program, make sure that you are ready to write down any changes you make. Some setting changes can render a computer unbootable, and if you don't know which changes you made, you'll have a difficult time finding the change that caused the problem.
To help prevent changes from causing serious problems, BIOS manufacturers offer a way out. After you have changed BIOS settings, setup programs offer you a choice to accept or discard changes as you exit the program. Use this function if you are unsure of any changes you have made, or if you haven't recorded those changes on paper. You can always go back and make the changes again. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 show examples of setup screens.
Figure 2.1: A sample setup screen.
Figure 2.2: Another setup screen.
Important BIOS Settings and Information
Because there is so much variability among setup programs on different BIOSs, we will cover common and important items only.
System Date and Time: This can also be set in Windows.
BIOS version number: Sometimes it is necessary to update the BIOS. BIOS programs are delineated by version numbers; if the motherboard or computer manufacturer's Web page shows a download with a higher number, that means a more recent BIOS is available. See Chapter 3, "Motherboards and their Components," for more information on updating BIOSs.
Port assignments: If the computer has ports (serial, parallel, etc.) that are not being used, and it is necessary to free up their resources, you can disable them in the setup program. Conversely, if you need to use them and they are disabled, you can re-enable them in Setup.
Supervisor and user passwords: You can set passwords for the computer.
Note If you set a supervisor password and forget what it is, you can also forget about retrieving it, and you might not be able to finish booting the computer. Sometimes, there are steps you can take to reset the password. See Chapter 3 for more information.
Power settings (ACPI, or Advanced Configuration and Power Interface): Contains power use settings including those for hibernation, standby, and in battery-powered computers, power conservation settings. Often, BIOSs contain settings that allow proper shutdown of Windows just by pressing the power button on the computer or keyboard once. Some systems have different levels of standby types.
Boot order: Traditionally, a computer is set to boot first from the floppy drive, and then from the main hard drive (Drive C). This means that the computer will check the floppy drive first for boot files. If there is no disk in the floppy drive, the computer will then go to the hard drive to look for boot files. That is why if you leave a non-bootable floppy disk in the drive and try to boot up, you'll get an error message such as "NTLDR is missing. Press any key to restart." or "Non-system disk or disk error." This can be changed to pretty much any order, including CD and DVD drives. It is useful when installing Windows on a new or just-formatted computer to set the computer to boot first from a CD-ROM drive, and then insert the Windows installation CD-ROM into that drive. This saves you from having to use boot floppies that might or might not come with the Windows CD-ROM.
Memory settings, DRAM Timing: Don't change these unless so instructed by a support technician.
AGP Aperture: Don't change unless you are familiar with troubleshooting techniques and feel comfortable in this area. The main thing to remember here is that the AGP Aperture Size should almost always be set to at least 16MB and never to more than the actual physical RAM installed in the system. This setting will allow a possible increase in graphics (video) performance by permitting the graphics system to share system memory if needed. A higher setting often (but not always) means better graphics performance, so test the results of any change you make here by viewing the graphics performance.
CPU Frequency, Voltage Control, other settings such as frequency (speed): On many BIOSs, this can be set automatically or manually. If you're setting them manually, you have to know the exact settings for your CPU so you don't damage your motherboard or CPU. Settings other than those specified by the CPU manufacturer should be made only by very experienced technicians.
PC Health: These include CPU and system temperatures at which warnings are made and shutdowns occur.
Integrated peripherals: These are items such as sound "cards" and network adapters that are part of the motherboard. The most common use of these settings is to disable these devices when additional peripherals of the same type are installed. For example, if the user installs an expansion sound card on a system that has onboard sound (because the onboard sound device has failed or because the user wants to upgrade to a better sound device), the onboard sound needs to be disabled to prevent problems that can occur with two active sound cards.
Interrupts (IRQs): These settings can also be changed in the Windows Device Manager (we provide more information later in this chapter).
Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD): If this setting is available, it should be enabled every time a new component is installed in the computer. Each time ESCD is enabled, the configuration resets at next boot. If a computer won't boot after installation of a new component, enabling ESCD and rebooting the system can sometimes solve the problem.
IDE Detection: This is normally set to Auto for automatic detection of IDE disk drives. Disabling auto-detection on unused drive channels can speed the boot process. See Chapter 6, "Magnetic Disk Drives," for more information on IDE drives.
Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.) drives: This technology, incorporated into most modern IDE hard drives, can alert the user of possible impending hard drive failure and most likely allow for data backup before this happens. Because of this, S.M.A.R.T. drive support should always be enabled in the setup program. Interestingly, computers are often delivered from the factory with S.M.A.R.T. drive support disabled.
Plug and Play (PnP) settings: We describe Plug and Play capability later in this chapter. PnP should be enabled in the vast majority of cases. Sometimes in Windows 95, you will have to disable Plug and Play support. There are certain other unusual situations that require you to disable Plug and Play, as you might find when researching certain problems or reading installation manuals.
Load defaults: Setup programs have default settings. Loading default settings is a good way to get your computer back to its original configuration. Do this only if all else fails. Before loading the default settings, go through each screen and write down every setting. Some devices might not work with the default settings.
Introduction
Personal computers are, at once, horrendously complicated yet simpler than one might expect. How can this be? Computer professionals spend years working on computers, but never learning all there is to know. There's just too much information for one human being to absorb in a lifetime, especially because the technology changes continually and there are so many different types of each component. However, it is not necessary to know anything close to "everything" to be able to repair or even build computers. Because the parts are all modular, most technicians rarely, if ever, use a soldering iron. When a component such as a modem has a hardware problem, you wouldn't spend hours trying to repair it. You simply replace it-a procedure that normally takes a few minutes. Other problems can be corrected through software. So, while it cannot be said that repairing computers is "simple," it is nowhere near as complicated as the complexity of the computer would suggest.
PC Repair and Maintenance: A Practical Guide is designed to enable the reader to repair personal computers running Microsoft® Windows®, primarily Windows 9x (which includes 95, 98, and Millennium Edition, or "Me"), 2000 (mainly 2000 Professional), and XP. This book gives you hints and tricks that few other books provide. Many actions that Microsoft documentation would seem to suggest are impossible are often quite possible with software that is available for download, sometimes even at no charge, from the Internet. These kinds of tips might help you succeed in repairing a computer, or at least saving data, when other technicians might fail.
We don't believe it is necessary to have a deep understanding of every facet of how a computer works in order to diagnose and repair computer problems, so we explain only as much as necessary for each scenario. Furthermore, it is impossible for any book to cover all computer issues. Our goal with this book is to give you the basic information needed to make common repairs and to help you to be able to find information necessary to make other repairs. We decided not to spend much time with monitors, printers, imaging devices, or networking; repairing these devices takes highly specialized skills. Moreover, the software that comes with these devices often modifies the Windows interface from the standard, so configuration screens can differ from one computer to another. Additionally, there are many different types of these devices, each requiring different skill sets. In fact, there are entire books on some of these and on networking, so we don't feel that mere chapters can do them justice. We will limit our coverage to some common issues regarding these devices.
One theme evident throughout the book can be summed up in the phrase "Quality in, performance out." We explain how to select quality replacement and expansion components-even some relatively unknown manufacturers make satisfactory components. Moreover, it is often not necessary to pay top dollar to get quality components. Additionally, we want to make it clear that there's no shame in asking for advice from manufacturers and other experts. Getting appropriate advice can prevent serious problems and save huge amounts of time and money.
This book and accompanying CD-ROM contain many photographs, diagrams, and videos showing the right and wrong ways to perform various tasks, even to the level of physically connecting connectors.
Special Notes
Due to version and configuration differences, some computers might not have items described in tutorials. In this case, please use Windows Help if you can't find what you're looking for.
This book often uses greater-than signs (>) to indicate the next step in a software command. For example, Start > Settings > Control Panel > System.
Windows versions are usually referred to by the following designations:
9x: Windows 95, 98, and Me. These versions are sometimes referred to individually.
2000: Windows 2000 Professional. Much of the information also covers Windows 2000 Server and Advanced Server.
XP: Windows XP Home and Professional Editions. These are also referred to individually in places.
We use URLs in this book to direct you to helpful Web sites. We leave out the "http://www." from each URL that starts that way. URLs without "www" are shown in full.
Just as telephone directories are out of date by the time they are printed, some of these URLs won't be in service by the time you read this book. However, there is little or no exclusivity on this type of information, and we encourage you to look up any information you need.
Most changes in 2000 and XP require that the user be logged on as an administrator. We don't point that out in subsequent chapters
NOTE Надявам се да съм ти помогнал... или искаш нещо дуго ? :roll: