alchy
02-07-2011, 12:20
Ако може някой който разбира английски, да ми преведе един текс на английски, предварително благодаря! Текса ми е нужен до тази вечер до 11-12 часа.
A) Some years ago, three scientists at a university in Italy were studying monkeys - more specifically, they were looking at what happens in a monkey's brain when it performs certain actions. They attached electrodes to a monkey's head, and watched what happened when it did things like pick up a raisin and eat it. But what the scientists discovered was quite different from what they had expected. One day, during a break, one of the scientists himself picked up a raisin and ate it, and as the monkey watched him do so, the neurons in its brain fired in exactly the same way as they had done when the monkey itself ate a raisin. Stunned by what they had observed, the three men replicated the experiment many times, always with the same result, and they realised that they had stumbled across something quite new. They published a series of papers in which they called the neurons they had studied "mirror neurons", and this has unquestionably been one of the most important steps forward in recent neuroscience.
B) Put simply, the existense of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something - smile, smell a flower, or yawn - our brains imitate it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people and empathise with them - and why, perhaps, we sometimes don't.
C) Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use language, to inderstand how other people feel, and to inderstand other people's intentions. We appear to use mirror neurons to learn just about everything we do: when we're babies, they help us learn how to smile, how to walk and so on, and when we're older, how to give facial expression to subtle emotions or how to learn complex dance movements. Most remarkably, perhaps, researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language - a group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed.
D) As we might expect – since mirror neurons are so basic to out understanding, learning and development – any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Considerable research has been carried out which suggest that people with social and behavioural problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. The result is an ability to understand what others mean through their expressions and gestures, but no to empathise with the emotions behind them. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might lead to treatments for social discoveries.
E) It is thought that mirror neurons can also explain a great deal about the development in humans of what we term culture. For about 200 000 years, the human brain seems not to have changed in size – but it is now believed that about 50 000 years ago, the human brain began to change genetically to incorporate our present mirroring ability, and this was what allowed us to move forward so quickly in communication and learning. But naturally, mirror neurons sometimes produce unwanted results and behaviours. Some research suggests that key neurons are involved in an associations of pleasure and success with hurting other people – for example, in many video games. If this is correct, then what is termed imitative violence may be almost beyond the control of some people, leading to a driving force that no society would want to encourage.
Nevertheless, research into mirrors neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of what Einstein`s theory of relativity was for physics. And the cinema when someone else does – well, perhaps you`ll understand why.
A) Some years ago, three scientists at a university in Italy were studying monkeys - more specifically, they were looking at what happens in a monkey's brain when it performs certain actions. They attached electrodes to a monkey's head, and watched what happened when it did things like pick up a raisin and eat it. But what the scientists discovered was quite different from what they had expected. One day, during a break, one of the scientists himself picked up a raisin and ate it, and as the monkey watched him do so, the neurons in its brain fired in exactly the same way as they had done when the monkey itself ate a raisin. Stunned by what they had observed, the three men replicated the experiment many times, always with the same result, and they realised that they had stumbled across something quite new. They published a series of papers in which they called the neurons they had studied "mirror neurons", and this has unquestionably been one of the most important steps forward in recent neuroscience.
B) Put simply, the existense of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something - smile, smell a flower, or yawn - our brains imitate it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people and empathise with them - and why, perhaps, we sometimes don't.
C) Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use language, to inderstand how other people feel, and to inderstand other people's intentions. We appear to use mirror neurons to learn just about everything we do: when we're babies, they help us learn how to smile, how to walk and so on, and when we're older, how to give facial expression to subtle emotions or how to learn complex dance movements. Most remarkably, perhaps, researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language - a group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed.
D) As we might expect – since mirror neurons are so basic to out understanding, learning and development – any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Considerable research has been carried out which suggest that people with social and behavioural problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. The result is an ability to understand what others mean through their expressions and gestures, but no to empathise with the emotions behind them. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might lead to treatments for social discoveries.
E) It is thought that mirror neurons can also explain a great deal about the development in humans of what we term culture. For about 200 000 years, the human brain seems not to have changed in size – but it is now believed that about 50 000 years ago, the human brain began to change genetically to incorporate our present mirroring ability, and this was what allowed us to move forward so quickly in communication and learning. But naturally, mirror neurons sometimes produce unwanted results and behaviours. Some research suggests that key neurons are involved in an associations of pleasure and success with hurting other people – for example, in many video games. If this is correct, then what is termed imitative violence may be almost beyond the control of some people, leading to a driving force that no society would want to encourage.
Nevertheless, research into mirrors neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of what Einstein`s theory of relativity was for physics. And the cinema when someone else does – well, perhaps you`ll understand why.