На английски е. Сравнението с рефлекса аз го направих. И от скоро го започнах, така че не очаквайте кой знае какво. Няколко реда са :Д

Science quickly became the model for all of human knowledge. Voltaire expressed skepticism about anything beyond the realm of science. But here comes the problem of normativity - how to make sense of norms - should, ought, good, bad, heroic, evil and so on. They don't describe the world, they evaluate the world. Two types of philosophers - empiricists = all knowledge comes from experience, and rationalists = some knowledge of the world is a priori, independent of experience or innate.

Reason is the best way to achieve and justify knowledge. Progress - acting rationally in response to objective knowledge improves our chances of achieving our aims. Reason in the form of scientific method is a good means for achieving that knowledge.



Morals have an influence on actions and affections. Reason alone can have no such influence - David Hume. So morality is not a conclusion of reason. Reason is inert. It cannot influence actions or affections, that is feelings. Reason deals with facts. There is a difference between fact and value.

Moral reasoning. Feelings. Why is cruelty wrong? Why is generosity good? No fact of the matter is to be found in them. It is the object of feeling, not of reason. It lies in yourself, not in the object. 

Morality stems from feelings of approbation or disapprobation, approval and disapproval. When I say that murder is wrong, I mean that murder arouses a feeling of disapprobation in my breast. Arising a feeling of approval. 

What is the role of reason? Does it have one when it comes to norms? It has only one, Hume thinks. Reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions. Our feelings are particular. 

I respond emotionally, passionately to particular actions and events. I then generalize, holding that stealing is wrong, for example, on the basis of reactions to some particular instances of theft.

Our moral sense is the capacity we have for the feelings that constitute the basis for our moral judgements.

Ето това са. Не са много, и са точно някакви записки, така че може да не ви се сторят много свързани с пълноценни изречения :Д